Abstract Severe decline of mature grapevines has recently been observed in several vineyards in grape regions in northern Tunisia. Between August 2011 and June 2013, wood samples from diseased vines showing dead spur and cordons, shoot dieback associated with sunken necrotic bark lesions and brown to black vascular streaking were collected from numerous diseased vineyards. Several fungal species were isolated from the margin between healthy and symptomatic tissue. Three species of Botryosphaeriaceae, namely, Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum australe, and N. vitifusiforme and one species of Diaporthaceae, namely, Diaporthe neotheicola, were observed to be associated with the decline of old vines. Other fungal species were recovered from diseased wood, namely, Alternaria alternata, Botryotinia fuckeliana (anamorph of Botrytis cinerea), Acremonium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Fusarium spp. In addition, Penicillium spp. inter- and intra-species diversity were assessed based on virtual RFLP gel analyses and identification of restriction enzymes able to distinguish fungi strains within species based on determination of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) lineages within cluster members based on the sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) region of the rDNA.

Resumen Recientemente se ha observado un fuerte deterioro de las vides maduras en varios viñedos de las regiones de uva del norte de Túnez. Entre agosto de 2011 y junio de 2013, se recolectaron muestras de madera de vid enfermas que mostraban espolones y cordones muertos, desvirones de tallos asociados con lesiones de corteza necrótica hundidas y rayas vasculares de color café a negro de numerosos viñedos enfermos. Se aislaron varias especies de hongos del margen entre tejido sano y sintomático. Tres especies de Botryosphaeriaceae, a saber, Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum australe, y N. vitifusiforme y una especie de Diaporthaceae, a saber, Diaporthe neotheicola, se observaron a ser asociado con la disminución de viñas viejas. Otras especies fúngicas se recuperaron de la madera enferma, a saber, Alternaria alternata, Botryotinia fuckeliana (anamorfo de Botrytis cinerea), Acremonium spp., Aspergillus spp. Y Fusarium spp. Además, Penicillium spp. inter e intra-diversidad especies fueron evaluados en base del gel RFLP virtual análisis y la identificación de las enzimas de restricción capaz de distinguir cepas de hongos dentro de las especies basado en la determinación del polimorfismo de un solo nucleótido (SNP) linajes dentro de los miembros de clúster en base a la secuenciación del espaciador transcrito interno (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) región del rDNA.

Deposition of bone in physiology involves timed secretion, deposition and removal of a complex array of extracellular matrix proteins which appear in a defined temporal and spatial sequence. Mineralization itself plays a role in dictating and spatially orienting the deposition of matrix. Many aspects of the physiological process are recapitulated in systems of autologous or xenogeneic transplantation of osteogenic precursor cells developed for tissue engineering or modeling. For example, deposition of bone sialoprotein, a member of the small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoprotein family, represents the first step of bone formation in ectopic transplantation systems in vivo. The use of mineralized scaffolds for guiding bone tissue engineering has revealed unexpected manners in which the scaffold and cells interact with each other, so that a complex interplay of integration and disintegration of the scaffold ultimately results in efficient and desirable, although unpredictable, effects. Likewise, the manner in which biomaterial scaffolds are "resorbed" by osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo highlights more complex scenarios than predicted from knowledge of physiological bone resorption per se. Investigation of novel biomaterials for bone engineering represents an essential area for the design of tissue engineering strategies.